FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE CITIZEN
CHAPTER ONE- FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 10
The human person is sacred and inviolable.
The State and all public administration organs have the absolute obligation to respect, protect and defend him or her.
Article 11
All Rwandans are born and remain free and equal in rights and duties.
Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and punishable by law.
Article 12 Every person has the right to life. No person shall be arbitrarily deprived of life.
Article 13
The crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes do not have a period of limitation.
Revisionism, negationism and trivialisation of genocide are punishable by the law.
Article 14 The State shall, within the limits of its capacity, take special measures for the welfare of the survivors of genocide who were rendered destitute by the genocide committed in Rwanda from October 1st, 1990 to December 31st, 1994, the disabled, the indigent and the elderly as well as other vulnerable groups.
Article 15
Every person has the right to physical and mental integrity.
No person shall be subjected to torture, physical abuse or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
No one shall be subjected to experimentation without his or her informed consent. The modalities of such consent and experiments are determined by law.
Article 16 All human beings are equal before the law. They shall enjoy, without any discrimination, equal protection of the law.
Article 17
Criminal liability is personal.
Civil liability is determined by law.
No one shall be imprisoned on the ground of inability to fulfil obligations arising from civil or commercial laws.
Article 18
The person's liberty is guaranteed by the State.
No one shall be subjected to prosecution, arrest, detention or punishment on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a crime under the law in force at the time it was committed.
The right to be informed of the nature and cause of charges and the right to defence are absolute at all levels and degrees of proceedings before administrative, judicial and all other decision making organs.
Article 19 Every person accused of a crime shall be presumed innocent until his or her guilt has been conclusively proved in accordance with the law in a public and fair hearing in which all the necessary guarantees for defence have been made available. Nobody shall be denied the right to appear before a judge competent by law to hear his or her case.
Article 20
Nobody shall be punished for acts or omissions that did not constitute an offence under national or international law at the time of commission or omission.
Neither shall any person be punished with a penalty which is heavier than the one that was applicable under the law at the time when the offence was committed.
Article 21 No person shall be subjected to security measures except as provided for by law, for reasons of public order and State security.
Article 22 The private life, family, home or correspondence of a person shall not be subjected to arbitrary interference; his or her honour and good reputation shall be respected. A person's home is inviolable. No search of or entry into a home may be carried out without the consent of the owner, except in circumstances and in accordance with procedures determined by law. Confidentiality of correspondence and communication shall not be subject to waiver except in circumstances and in accordance with procedures determined by law.
Article 23
Every Rwandan has the right to move and to circulate freely and to settle anywhere in Rwanda.
Every Rwandan has the right to leave and to return to the country.
These rights shall be restricted only by the law for reasons of public order or State security, in order to deal with a public menace or to protect persons in danger.
Article 24
Every Rwandan has the right to his or her country.
No Rwandan shall be banished from the country.
Article 25
The right to asylum is recognized under conditions determined by the law.
The extradition of foreigners shall be permitted only so far as it is consistent with the law or international conventions to which Rwanda is a party. However, no Rwandan shall be extradited.
Article 26
Only civil monogamous marriage between a man and a woman is recognized.
No person may be married without his or her free consent.
Parties to a marriage have equal rights and duties upon and during the subsistence of a marriage and at the time of divorce.
The law determines conditions, forms and effect of marriage.
Article 27
The family, which is the natural foundation of Rwandan society, is protected by the State.
Both parents have the right and duty to bring up their children.
The State shall put in place appropriate legislation and institutions for the protection of the family and the mother and child in particular in order to ensure that the family flourishes.
Article 28 Every child is entitled to special measures of protection by his or her family, society and the State that are necessary, depending on the status of the child, under national and international law.
Article 29
Every person has a right to private property, whether personal or owned in association with others.
Private property, whether individually or collectively owned, is inviolable.
The right to property may not be interfered with except in public interest, in circumstances and procedures determined by law and subject to fair and prior compensation.
Article 30
Private ownership of land and other rights related to land are granted by the State.
The law specifies the modalities of acquisition, transfer and use of land.
Article 31
The property of the State comprises of public and private property of the central Government as well as the public and private property of decentralized local government organs.
The public property of the State is inalienable unless there has been prior transfer thereof to the private property of the State.
Article 32
Every person shall respect public property.
Any act intended to cause sabotage, vandalism, corruption, embezzlement, squandering or any tampering with public property shall be punishable by law.
Article 33 Freedom of thought, opinion, conscience, religion, worship and the public manifestation thereof is guaranteed by the State in accordance with conditions determined by law. Propagation of ethnic, regional, racial or discrimination or any other form of division is punishable by law.
Article 34
Freedom of the press and freedom of information are recognized and guaranteed by the State.
Freedom of speech and freedom of information shall not prejudice public order and good morals, the right of every citizen to honour, good reputation and the privacy of personal and family life. It is also guaranteed so long as it does not prejudice the protection of the youth and minors.
The conditions for exercising such freedoms are determined by law.
There is hereby established an independent institution known as the "High Council of the Press».
The law shall determine its functions, organization and operation.
Article 35
Freedom of association is guaranteed and shall not require prior authorization.
Such freedom shall be exercised under conditions determined by law.
Article 36 Freedom of peaceful assembly without arms is guaranteed if it is not inconsistent with the law. Prior authorization shall only be necessary if the law so requires and solely in the case of assembly in the open air, in a public place or on a public road, to the extent that such is necessary in the interests of public safety, public health or public order.
Article 37
Every person has the right to free choice of employment.
Persons with the same competence and ability have a right to equal pay for equal work without discrimination.
Article 38
The right to form trade unions for the defence and the promotion of legitimate professional interests, is recognized.
Any worker may defend his or her rights through trade union action under conditions determined by law.
Every employer has the right to join an employers' organization.
Trade unions and employers' associations have the right to enter into general or specific agreements regulating their working relations. The modalities for making these agreements are determined by law.
Article 39 The right of workers' to strike is permitted and shall be exercised within the limits provided for by the law, but the exercising of this right should not interfere with the freedom to work which is guaranteed for every individual.
Article 40
Every person has the right to education.
Freedom of learning and teaching shall be guaranteed in accordance with conditions determined by law.
Primary education is compulsory. It is free in public schools.
The conditions for free primary education in schools subsidised by the Government are determined by an organic law.
The State has the duty to take special measures to facilitate the education of disabled people.
An organic law determines the organization of Education.
Article 41 All citizens have the right and duties relating to health. The State has the duty of mobilizing the population for activities aimed at promoting good health and to assist in the implementation of these activities.
Article 42 Every foreigner legally residing in the Republic of Rwanda shall enjoy all rights save those reserved for nationals as determined under this Constitution and other laws.
Article 43 In the exercise of rights and enjoyment of freedoms, every person shall only be subjected to the limitations set by the law in order to ensure the recognition and respect of others' rights and freedoms, good morals, public order and social welfare which characterize a democratic society.
Article 44 The judiciary as the guardian of rights and freedoms of the public ensures respect thereof in accordance with procedures determined by law.
CHAPTER TWO- THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE CITIZEN
Article 45
All citizens have the right to participate in the government of the country, whether directly or through freely chosen representatives in accordance with the law.
All citizens have the right of equal access to public service in accordance with their competence and abilities.
Article 46 Every citizen has the duty to relate to other persons without discrimination and to maintain relations conducive to safeguarding, promoting and reinforcing mutual respect, solidarity and tolerance.
Article 47
All citizens have the duty to participate, through work, in the development of the country; to safeguard peace, democracy, social justice and equality and to participate in the defence of the motherland.
The law shall organize national service, whether civil or military.
Article 48
In all circumstances, every citizen, whether civilian or military, has the duty to respect the Constitution, other laws and regulations of the country.
Every citizen has the right to defy orders received from his or her superior authority if the orders constitute a serious and manifest violation of human rights and public freedoms.
Article 49
Every citizen is entitled to a healthy and satisfying environment.
Every person has the duty to protect, safeguard and promote the environment. The State shall protect the environment.
The law determines the modalities for protecting, safeguarding and promoting the environment.
Article 50
Every citizen has the right to activities that promote national culture.
There is hereby established the Rwanda Academy of Language and Culture.
The law shall determine its functions, organization and operation.
Article 51 The State has the duty to safeguard and to promote positive values based on cultural traditions and practices so long as they do not conflict with human rights, public order and good morals. The State equally has the duty to preserve the national cultural heritage as well as genocide memorials and sites.
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Many abuses facing African people are committed by African states, ruling elites, armed groups, military forces and security services. But these abuses are often sustained by international silence, Western lobbying, trade interests, migration deals, mineral access, diplomatic partnerships and unequal global accountability.
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Survivors, displaced communities, refugees, families affected by repression, journalists, activists, women, young people and diaspora voices are not passive subjects. They are knowledge holders.
Their experiences must shape policy, advocacy, journalism and public debate. The people closest to injustice are often closest to the solutions.
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Africa Realities Media speaks to Africa and to the developed world. Many abuses facing African people are committed by African states and ruling elites, but they are often protected by international silence, lobbying, public relations, trade interests, migration deals and unequal global accountability. While governments pay lobbyists to present a good image abroad, ordinary African people continue to face violence, hunger, disease, poverty, repression and exclusion. We challenge the normalisation of African suffering and demand equal truth, equal justice and equal protection.
Pourquoi Africa Realities Media est différent?
Africa Realities Media s’adresse à l’Afrique et au monde développé. De nombreux abus subis par les peuples africains sont commis par des États africains et des élites dirigeantes, mais ils sont souvent protégés par le silence international, le lobbying, les relations publiques, les intérêts commerciaux, les accords migratoires et une responsabilité mondiale inégale. Tandis que des gouvernements paient des lobbyistes pour présenter une bonne image à l’étranger, des Africains ordinaires continuent de faire face à la violence, à la faim, aux maladies, à la pauvreté, à la répression et à l’exclusion. Nous contestons la normalisation de la souffrance africaine et exigeons une vérité égale, une justice égale et une protection égale.
Our work is designed to trigger debate, discomfort and action. We do not only expose injustice; we work for policy and systems change.
We want governments and institutions to address the root causes of inequality, disadvantage, discrimination, exclusion and barriers affecting African people. We believe lasting change must be shaped by people with lived experience.
Exposing Injustice in Africa
Africa Realities Media is an independent African accountability platform based in London. We report, analyse and challenge the systems that shape African suffering, silence African victims and protect abusive power.
We are not here to repeat diplomatic language. We are here to ask the questions that are often avoided: why are African deaths treated as normal? Why are African victims given less urgency? Why are governments that imprison, exclude, displace or kill their own people protected when they serve powerful international interests?
Africa Realities Media gives space to writers, researchers, experts, activists, community voices, campaigners, analysts and people with lived experience who want to contribute thoughtful, responsible and courageous content about the changes needed in the region, as well as the political, economic, cultural and social African realities that are often ignored, minimised or misrepresented.
Our articles and videos aim to encourage debate, raise awareness, stimulate critical thinking and support reflection. We seek to help people in the Great Lakes Region understand their rights to human rights, development and wellbeing, while also encouraging decision-makers to be more transparent, responsive and accountable.
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